目錄
description bug_report

Widget 的物理模擬動畫效果

目錄

物理模擬能夠讓應用富有真實感和更好的互動性。例如，你可能會為一個 widget 新增動畫，讓它看起來就像安著彈簧，或是在隨重力下落。

這個指南示範了如何將 widget 從拖動的點移回到中心，並使用彈簧模擬效果。

這個示範將進行下面幾步：

  1. 建立一個動畫控制器

  2. 使用手勢移動 widget

  3. 對 widget 進行動畫

  4. 計算速度以模擬彈跳運動

第一步：建立一個動畫控制器

首先，建立一個叫做 DraggableCard 的 stateful widget：

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(const MaterialApp(home: PhysicsCardDragDemo()));
}

class PhysicsCardDragDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  const PhysicsCardDragDemo({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(),
      body: const DraggableCard(
        child: FlutterLogo(
          size: 128,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class DraggableCard extends StatefulWidget {
  const DraggableCard({required this.child, super.key});

  final Widget child;

  @override
  State<DraggableCard> createState() => _DraggableCardState();
}

class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard> {
  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Align(
      child: Card(
        child: widget.child,
      ),
    );
  }
}

讓 _DraggableCardState 類繼承至 SingleTickerProviderStateMixin。然後在 initState 中構造一個 AnimationController，並將其 vsync 屬性設為 this。

lib/{starter.dart → step1.dart}
@@ -29,14 +29,20 @@
29
29
  State<DraggableCard> createState() => _DraggableCardState();
30
30
  }
31
- class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard> {
31
+ class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
32
+ with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
33
+ late AnimationController _controller;
34
+
32
35
  @override
33
36
  void initState() {
34
37
  super.initState();
38
+ _controller =
39
+ AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: const Duration(seconds: 1));
35
40
  }
36
41
  @override
37
42
  void dispose() {
43
+ _controller.dispose();
38
44
  super.dispose();
39
45
  }

第二步：使用手勢移動 widget

讓 widget 可以被拖拽，併為 _DraggableCardState 類新增一個 Alignment 範圍。

lib/{step1.dart (alignment) → step2.dart (alignment)}
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
1
1
  class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
2
2
  with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
3
3
  late AnimationController _controller;
4
+ Alignment _dragAlignment = Alignment.center;

新增一個 GestureDetector 來捕獲 onPanDown、onPanUpdate，以及 onPanEnd 回呼。為了調整對齊方式，請使用 MediaQuery 來獲得 widget 的大小，然後除以 2。（這會將「拖動的畫素」單位轉為 Align 使用的坐標。）然後，將 Align widget 的 alignmnt 屬性設為 _dragAlignment。

lib/{step1.dart (build) → step2.dart (build)}
@@ -1,8 +1,22 @@
1
1
  @override
2
2
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
3
- return Align(
4
- child: Card(
5
- child: widget.child,
3
+ var size = MediaQuery.of(context).size;
4
+ return GestureDetector(
5
+ onPanDown: (details) {},
6
+ onPanUpdate: (details) {
7
+ setState(() {
8
+ _dragAlignment += Alignment(
9
+ details.delta.dx / (size.width / 2),
10
+ details.delta.dy / (size.height / 2),
11
+ );
12
+ });
13
+ },
14
+ onPanEnd: (details) {},
15
+ child: Align(
16
+ alignment: _dragAlignment,
17
+ child: Card(
18
+ child: widget.child,
19
+ ),
6
20
  ),
7
21
  );
8
22
  }

第三步：對 widget 進行動畫

當一個 widget 被釋放，它應該就會彈回中心。

新增一個 Animation<Alignment>，以及 _runAnimation 方法。此方法定義了一個 Tween，它在 widget 被拖動到的點之間插入到中心點。

lib/{step2.dart (animation) → step3.dart (animation)}
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
1
1
  class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
2
2
  with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
3
3
  late AnimationController _controller;
4
+ late Animation<Alignment> _animation;
4
5
  Alignment _dragAlignment = Alignment.center; 
void _runAnimation() {
  _animation = _controller.drive(
    AlignmentTween(
      begin: _dragAlignment,
      end: Alignment.center,
    ),
  );
  _controller.reset();
  _controller.forward();
}

接下來，當 AnimationController 產生一個值時，更新 _dragAlignment：

lib/{step2.dart (initState) → step3.dart (initState)}
@@ -3,4 +3,9 @@
3
3
  super.initState();
4
4
  _controller =
5
5
  AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: const Duration(seconds: 1));
6
+ _controller.addListener(() {
7
+ setState(() {
8
+ _dragAlignment = _animation.value;
9
+ });
10
+ });
6
11
  }

下一步，讓 Align widget 使用 _dragAlignment 欄位：

child: Align(
  alignment: _dragAlignment,
  child: Card(
    child: widget.child,
  ),
),

最後，更新 GestureDetector 來管理動畫控制器：

lib/{step2.dart (gesture) → step3.dart (gesture)}
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
1
1
  return GestureDetector(
2
- onPanDown: (details) {},
2
+ onPanDown: (details) {
3
+ _controller.stop();
4
+ },
3
5
  onPanUpdate: (details) {
4
6
  setState(() {
5
7
  _dragAlignment += Alignment(
@@ -8,7 +10,9 @@
8
10
  );
9
11
  });
10
12
  },
11
- onPanEnd: (details) {},
13
+ onPanEnd: (details) {
14
+ _runAnimation();
15
+ },
12
16
  child: Align(
13
17
  alignment: _dragAlignment,
14
18
  child: Card(

第四步：計算速度以模擬彈跳運動

最後一步時做一些簡單的數學計算，計算小部件被拖動完成之後的速度。這樣小部件在被快速恢復之前實際上以該速度繼續運動。（_runAnimation 方法已經透過設定動畫的開始和結束對齊方式來設定方向。）

首先，引入 physics 這個 package:

import 'package:flutter/physics.dart';

onPanEnd 回呼提供了一個 DragEndDetails 物件。此物件提供指標停止接觸螢幕時的速度。速度以每秒畫素為單位，但 Align widget 不使用畫素。它使用 [-1.0，-1.0] 和 [1.0,1.0] 之間的坐標值，其中 [0.0,0.0] 表示中心。在步驟 2 中計算的 size 用於將畫素轉換為該範圍內的坐標值。

最後，AnimationController 有一個 animateWith() 方法可以產生 SpringSimulation:

/// Calculates and runs a [SpringSimulation].
void _runAnimation(Offset pixelsPerSecond, Size size) {
  _animation = _controller.drive(
    AlignmentTween(
      begin: _dragAlignment,
      end: Alignment.center,
    ),
  );
  // Calculate the velocity relative to the unit interval, [0,1],
  // used by the animation controller.
  final unitsPerSecondX = pixelsPerSecond.dx / size.width;
  final unitsPerSecondY = pixelsPerSecond.dy / size.height;
  final unitsPerSecond = Offset(unitsPerSecondX, unitsPerSecondY);
  final unitVelocity = unitsPerSecond.distance;

  const spring = SpringDescription(
    mass: 30,
    stiffness: 1,
    damping: 1,
  );

  final simulation = SpringSimulation(spring, 0, 1, -unitVelocity);

  _controller.animateWith(simulation);
}

不要忘記呼叫 _runAnimation()，並傳入速度和大小：

onPanEnd: (details) {
  _runAnimation(details.velocity.pixelsPerSecond, size);
},

互動式範例

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/physics.dart';

void main() {
  runApp(const MaterialApp(home: PhysicsCardDragDemo()));
}

class PhysicsCardDragDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  const PhysicsCardDragDemo({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(),
      body: const DraggableCard(
        child: FlutterLogo(
          size: 128,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

/// A draggable card that moves back to [Alignment.center] when it's
/// released.
class DraggableCard extends StatefulWidget {
  const DraggableCard({required this.child, super.key});

  final Widget child;

  @override
  State<DraggableCard> createState() => _DraggableCardState();
}

class _DraggableCardState extends State<DraggableCard>
    with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late AnimationController _controller;

  /// The alignment of the card as it is dragged or being animated.
  ///
  /// While the card is being dragged, this value is set to the values computed
  /// in the GestureDetector onPanUpdate callback. If the animation is running,
  /// this value is set to the value of the [_animation].
  Alignment _dragAlignment = Alignment.center;

  late Animation<Alignment> _animation;

  /// Calculates and runs a [SpringSimulation].
  void _runAnimation(Offset pixelsPerSecond, Size size) {
    _animation = _controller.drive(
      AlignmentTween(
        begin: _dragAlignment,
        end: Alignment.center,
      ),
    );
    // Calculate the velocity relative to the unit interval, [0,1],
    // used by the animation controller.
    final unitsPerSecondX = pixelsPerSecond.dx / size.width;
    final unitsPerSecondY = pixelsPerSecond.dy / size.height;
    final unitsPerSecond = Offset(unitsPerSecondX, unitsPerSecondY);
    final unitVelocity = unitsPerSecond.distance;

    const spring = SpringDescription(
      mass: 30,
      stiffness: 1,
      damping: 1,
    );

    final simulation = SpringSimulation(spring, 0, 1, -unitVelocity);

    _controller.animateWith(simulation);
  }

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _controller = AnimationController(vsync: this);

    _controller.addListener(() {
      setState(() {
        _dragAlignment = _animation.value;
      });
    });
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final size = MediaQuery.of(context).size;
    return GestureDetector(
      onPanDown: (details) {
        _controller.stop();
      },
      onPanUpdate: (details) {
        setState(() {
          _dragAlignment += Alignment(
            details.delta.dx / (size.width / 2),
            details.delta.dy / (size.height / 2),
          );
        });
      },
      onPanEnd: (details) {
        _runAnimation(details.velocity.pixelsPerSecond, size);
      },
      child: Align(
        alignment: _dragAlignment,
        child: Card(
          child: widget.child,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}